Automatic sources of aggression

In this paper, we review research on automaticity with particular relevance to aggression. Once triggered by environmental features, preconscious automatic processes run to completion without any conscious monitoring. The basic experimental technique for studying automatic processes is priming. We review studies showing that priming, including subliminal priming, of mental constructs related to aggression leads to reliable effects on perceptions, judgments, and behavior. Specifically, after such priming, people perceive ambiguous behaviors as more aggressive and tend to act more aggressively themselves as well. We also review studies showing that: (a) prolonged exposure to violence can result in the development of chronic accessibility of aggressive constructs affecting how the social environment is interpreted, and (b) even goal-directed behavior can be automatically triggered by situational features if this behavior is consistently and frequently enacted in the same situation. D 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.